Author ORCID Identifier

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7342-7699

Semester

Spring

Date of Graduation

2025

Document Type

Dissertation

Degree Type

PhD

College

College of Applied Human Sciences

Department

Sport and Exercise Psychology

Committee Chair

Peter Giacobbi, Jr.

Committee Co-Chair

Jeanette M. Garcia

Committee Member

Jeanette M. Garcia

Committee Member

Guy Hornsby

Committee Member

D. Jake Follmer

Abstract

Research has supported the use of virtual reality (VR) in sport to train skills such as decision-making and anticipation, as well as aid in injury rehabilitation. Despite this, VR is not commonly used as a training tool in sport. Barriers to its adoption include a lack of understanding, low awareness, and risk of cybersickness. As such, there is a critical need to address these barriers and promote acceptance of VR in sport. The purpose of this single-arm, non-randomized, mixed-methods feasibility trial was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the Virtual Reality Training Protocol for Sport (VRTPS), which was designed to address barriers to VR use in sport. We assessed pre- and post-training attitudes toward VR using the Attitudes toward Virtual Reality Technology Scale (AVRTS), which uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a guiding framework. Participants (n = 18) completed the VRTPS, which included stages of education, acclimation, and application. Exit interviews provided further insights into participant experiences. Results from quantitative and reflexive content analyses demonstrated feasibility of the VRTPS based on recruitment and adherence, acceptability, demand, implementation, and practicality. Descriptive statistics from the AVRTS revealed pre- to post-training increases in overall attitudes toward VR, enjoyment, perceived usefulness, and ease of use, and minimal cybersickness was reported. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of the VRTPS and show promise for its future research and application.

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