Author ORCID Identifier

 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7294-1801

Semester

Summer

Date of Graduation

2026

Document Type

Dissertation

Degree Type

PhD

College

Eberly College of Arts and Sciences

Department

Geology and Geography

Committee Chair

Trevor M. Harris

Committee Member

María Alejandra Pérez

Committee Member

Brett H. Riggs

Committee Member

Rex J. Rowley

Committee Member

Timothy A. Warner

Abstract

In this study of the place of Cherokee forced removal, I use a Third Space approach to blend Indigenous Methodologies, Deep Mapping, Geospatial mapping and analysis, and 3D Geography. Using a hybrid platform that provides a mélange of media types, storytelling forms, and interactive tools, I reimagine and retell the story of the Cherokee “Trail of Tears.”

In accordance with Cherokee philosophies of duyuktv, harmony, and “a good mind” I first sought out Cherokee sponsorship from community respected and culturally knowledgeable Cherokee citizens; partnered with the National Trail of Tears Association (NTOTA); submitted my research proposal to the Cherokee Nation for IRB approval; and gave project demonstrations to my Tribal Council member and to our Chief and his immediate staff.

Under the framework of Indigitalization, I used Esri’s ArcPro and Experience Builder platforms to construct a place of understanding of the experience of Cherokee forced removal in the form of a deep map. Focusing on the Hildebrand detachment removal route through Tennessee, I populated the deep map with narrative, Cherokee perspective, phenomenology, chorographic and topographic descriptions, and weather conditions to provide a deeper understanding of what the detachment faced as they made their way through Tennessee. I added visual images, detachment movement, elements of interaction, 3D passive immersion, and auditory stimuli to further engage the viewer and support and enhance the narrative.

Within the deep map environment, I reserved a space for the creation of a crosswalk for Cherokee citizens that will provide a bridge to the place of removal by providing information on the group(s) their family members were assigned to at the time of the forced exodus. Through the Act of Remembering section of this deep map, I also provide mapping and navigation to the routes and sites featured in this study so that all may participate in actively remembering this historic event.

This study advances the discipline of geography in the fields of spatial humanities and interdisciplinary studies while addressing a dual erasure – that of Cherokee perspective from Trail of Tears accounts and Indigenous perspectives undergirding key concepts in the spatial humanities and deep mapping. By definition, deep maps are an embodiment of Indigenous philosophy and methodology. Within this text, proper attribution is given.

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