Semester

Summer

Date of Graduation

2024

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Type

MS

College

School of Dentistry

Department

Not Listed

Committee Chair

Dr. Samuel Dorn

Committee Member

Dr. Mark Byron

Committee Member

Dr. Steven Whitaker

Committee Member

Dr. Jerry Bouquot

Abstract

Introduction:

Abstract

Endodontic treatment aims to prevent or address apical periodontitis by reducing intracanal bacterial populations to promote tissue healing, requiring thorough debridement and disinfection of the canal space. This study aims to examine the presence of trace metal elements and chemical compounds in over-the-counter (OTC) and medical-grade sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions.

Method

Over-the-counter NaOCl brands (Clorox® and Great Value®) and medical grade 6% NaOCl solutions (CanalPro® and Chlor-Xtra®) were purchased, stored in amber glass bottles, and tested in triplicate. Each was analyzed using mass spectrometry, identifying 7881 chemical compounds with statistical comparisons via adjusted p-values, fold-change, and heat maps. The sample size was determined using G Power Software, and metal element analysis was conducted with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry, following standard calibration procedures.

Results:

Trace amounts of Lauroylsarcosine, Sodium [dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate, C10E3, PEG n5, and Lauryl glucoside were detected in all samples, with no significant differences among the four groups (CanalPro®, Chlor-Xtra®, Clorox®, and Great Value®) for any of these chemicals. The Great Value® brand had the highest concentrations of arsenic (As), lithium (Li), lead (Pb), and sulfur (S), with all brands exceeding method detection limits. Significant differences in As and Li concentrations were found between Great Value® and the other brands (Chlor-Xtra®, CanalPro®, and Clorox®), with Great Value® having the highest levels. No significant differences in Pb concentrations were observed across the brands. For S, Chlor-Xtra® had the highest concentration, followed by Clorox® and Great Value®, with CanalPro® having the lowest.

Conclusion:

Trace levels of Lauroylsarcosine, Sodium [dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate, C10E3, and PEG n6 were found in all tested brands with no significant differences in their intensities. Chlor-Xtra® had the highest levels, suggesting intentional additives. Metal ion concentrations (As, Li, Pb, S) exceeded detection limits in all brands. Great Value® had the highest arsenic levels, surpassing EPA drinking water standards, while Clorox® had the lowest lead levels, just below the EPA action level. Clorox® also had the lowest lithium concentration, and CanalPro® had the lowest sulfur concentration.

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