Author ORCID Identifier

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0111-2706

Semester

Spring

Date of Graduation

2026

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Type

MS

College

Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources

Department

Chemical and Biomedical Engineering

Committee Chair

Yuhe Tian

Committee Member

Srinivas Palanki

Committee Member

Oishi Sanyal

Abstract

In West Virginia, approximately 27,000 tons of wastewater solids are generated annually, with nearly 75% being landfilled or alternatively disposed of in a non-beneficial manner. Over the past two decades, the amount of these solids being taken for beneficial uses, such as agricultural application, has declined by 25%, while landfilling has increased by more than 30%. This highlights issues related to eutrophication and disposal costs. This study aims to develop a supply chain optimization framework that addresses the conversion of wastewater solids into fertilizers to match local farm requirements, while determining processing facility locations that minimize transportation costs. To determine the supply of wastewater solids, the state was divided into districts made up of one or more counties, with boundaries determined by existing municipal service areas and geological surveys. Estimates of wastewater solid production were drawn from the number of customers served by each sewage system, the average household size by county, and an estimated rate of dry solid waste generated per person per day. Additionally, major soil types and primary crops in each district were identified using USDA soil surveys and 2022 agricultural census data. These datasets were utilized to determine specific nutrient demands in farms, enabling the production of fertilizers that match local agricultural needs. The optimal locations for fertilizer production facilities were determined using a mixed- integer linear optimization (MILP) model, which incorporated multiple factors, including the supply and distribution of wastewater solids, transportation costs to and from the fertilizer facilities, and the varying demand for fertilizers in different districts. The objective was to minimize overall costs by determining the optimal placements. This model will identify the costs and most beneficial locations of the fertilizer facilities for West Virginian farms. After optimization, the plants were evaluated for profitability over their expected lifespan. This research highlights the advantages of diverting wastewater solids to agriculture. Utilizing these materials as fertilizer feedstock reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers and helps prevent further landfilling and eutrophication. Optimally placed fertilizer production facilities could allow these benefits to become reality for West Virginia.

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